Can Breastmilk Be Applied to Babies Skin Witheczema

Nutrients. 2019 May; 11(five): 944.

Milk Therapy: Unexpected Uses for Homo Chest Milk

Received 2019 Mar 27; Accustomed 2019 Apr 25.

Abstract

Background: Human breast milk provides a kid with consummate nutrition but is also a popular therapeutic remedy that has been used in traditional, natural pharmacopeia, and ethnomedicine for many years. The aim of this current review is to summarize studies of not-nutritional uses of mothers' milk. Methods: Two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched with a combination of twelve search terms. We selected articles that were published between 1 January 2010, and i January 2019. The linguistic communication of publication was limited to English. Results: 15 studies were included in the systematic review. Ten of these were randomized controlled trials, one was a quasi-experimental study, two were in vitro studies, and four employed an animal inquiry model. Conclusions: Many human milk components have shown promise in preclinical studies and are undergoing agile clinical evaluation. The protective and handling function of fresh breast milk is particularly of import in areas where mothers and infants exercise non have ready admission to medicine.

Keywords: human milk benefits, colostrum, milk therapy, bioactive factors

1. Introduction

Human chest milk (HBM) is perhaps the virtually important functional nutrient known. It is a dynamic nutrient with both nutritional and health benefits for neonates and infants. Human being milk has powerful immunological properties, protecting infants from respiratory diseases, eye ear infections, and gastro-intestinal diseases. Information technology is at present appreciated that human chest milk has health impacts that are lifelong, with breastfeeding showing protective effects against diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity, and asthma [i]. Withal, human milk is also a pop therapeutic remedy that has been applied as a role of traditional, natural pharmacopeia, and ethnomedicine for many years. Public health nurses take reported on the effects of fresh colostrum and man milk as a handling for conjunctivitis, chapped nipples, rhinitis, infections of the pare and soft tissues. The discovery of growth factors, cytokines, and a heterogeneous population of cells—including stalk cells, probiotic bacteria, and the Hamlet complex (human blastoff-lactalbumin fabricated lethal to tumor cells)—in human milk has led to researchers' increased interest in human being chest milk every bit a natural medicine. In recent years, human milk has been the focus of many types of evidence-based research. At that place have been a number of reports on the topical application of homo milk as an constructive treatment for diaper rash, atopic eczema, diaper dermatitis, and umbilical string separation [2,3,iv]. The protective and handling role of human milk is particularly important in areas where mothers and infants do not accept gear up access to medicine, such equally in developing countries. In these situations, milk therapy is often a determining factor of infant recovery and survival. For this reason, more clinical trials and research into mothers' milk come from low and center-income countries in Africa and Asia. Many human milk components have shown promise in preclinical studies and are undergoing active clinical evaluation. A few milk-derived therapeutic preparations are available to clinicians. The study of human milk has resulted in abundant opportunities for translational medicine. However, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies often fare unfavorably under the scrutiny of bear witness-based practice (EBP), due to the lack of or shortage of enquiry and the inherent differences in healing credo. Yet excess medicalization and pharmaceuticalization can lead to the extension of the medical gaze to human weather condition. Physically maladaptive outliers have been treated as diseases and pulled into the realm of medicine. Many "non-disease" states can creep up into medicine, and with time go medicalized due to the redefining of many weather condition that were long considered social or psychological phenomena equally disease states. Processes regarded as natural are now looked at medical issues or diseases. Unnecessary medicalization leads to great social and financial cost, as well as increased anxiety and the risk for complication from further workups for incidental or clinically unimportant findings. The growth of research and reflections on medicalization has led to the proposal of other parallel concepts, such as biomedicalization. These tools could be useful in the assay of human enhancement and tin be defined as contributing to a "bionic society". Medicalization risks neglecting the office of social determinants, natural therapies, and ethnomedicine in shaping human health. On the other paw, where individuals do not have ready access to medicine—especially in developing countries—noesis, skills, and practices based on the theories and experiences ethnic to unlike cultures, whether explicable or not, are used in the maintenance of wellness as well equally in the prevention, improvement, and handling of illness.

There is no dubiety that incorporating traditional and modern show-based medicine (EBM) equally integral parts of the formal health-care system is important and probable to be accomplished in many countries. The aim of the current review is to summarize studies of non-nutritional usage of mothers' milk. Due to its low price, broad availability, and lack of undesirable effects, mothers' milk has the potential to play a role in homo wellness and in prove-based therapy.

2. Methods

The literature review was performed by conducting an electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar. No filter or limitation was used during the search. Reference lists from selected studies were manually scanned to identify any other relevant studies. The electronic search used the following keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: Human milk; breast milk, mother milk, colostrum, atopic eczema, diaper dermatitis, nipple pain, breast inflammation, umbilical cord separation, neonatal conjunctivitis, Village, topical treatment. The 2 authors independently searched databases and reviewed articles. Bibliographic references to retrieved reviews and studies were searched for boosted articles. We included articles that were published between ane January 2010, and 1 January 2019. The language of publication was limited to English.

From total of 1503 initially screened articles, only fifteen fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The following criteria needed to be fulfilled for a study to exist included in this review: (1) Topical awarding of human milk or human milk active factors versus control; (2) in the case of homo studies, participants had to be newborns; (iii) in the case of brute models, HBM in vitro assessment had to be included. Articles that did not provide sufficient information from the championship and abstract were included for further evaluation, and reading was done in full. Records were first selected after which 1469 were excluded based on excluded criteria: Did not report the information of interest, the language of publication, no admission to the full text, conference proceeding, reviews. There was no brake of study designs included. In society to limit bias in the inclusion–exclusion process, the selection was fabricated on the ground of the consensus of two authors. The Cohen'south kappa alphabetize was calculated to assess the agreement between the 2 reviewers and any discrepancy was resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer. The reviewers were non blind to writer, institutions, or manuscript journals. Data extraction and assay were performed by the same 2 reviewers. Effigy 1 presents a menstruum diagram of the review process while Table 1 summarizes the studies that were included.

Table 1

Articles included in this review, with report details.

References	Intervention/Written report Type	Sample Size	The Dropout Rate	Study Pattern	Outcomes	Main Findings
Berents et al. (2015) [5]	Atopic eczema/Randomized clinical trial	18 participants	33%	HBM or emollient was applied on the spot, three times a 24-hour interval for four weeks. The severity and area of the eczema spots was calculated weekly by SCORAD.	Both command and intervention areas of the eczema spots were increased during the intervention. At inclusion mean SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) was 35 and at the end of report 34.	No effect with topical application of HBM was found.
Kasrae et al. (2015) [6]	Atopic eczema/Randomized clinical trial	116 participants	x%	HBM or hydrocortisone 1% was practical twice a 24-hour interval for 21 days on the afflicted surface area. Efficiency of the treatment was defined past SCORAD alphabetize.	The frequency of healed infants was 81.5% and 76% in HBM and 1% hydrocortisone groups on day 21, respectively (p < 0.24).	HBM was as constructive equally 1% hydrocortisone.
Farahani et al. (2013) [vii]	Diaper dermatitis/Randomized clinical trial	152 participants	4.6%	HBM or hydrocortisone 1% was applied for 7 days on the afflicted area. The efficiency of the treatment was evaluated at three and 7 days by a six-point scale.	The severity score was not different between the topical HBM and hydrocortisone 1% groups at 3 and seven days (p < 0.95).	HBM was as effective as one% hydrocortisone.
Gozen et al. (2014) [8]	Diaper dermatitis/Randomized clinical trial	seventy participants	x%	HBM and bulwark cream containing forty% zinc oxide and cod liver oil was practical on diaper dermatitis change for 5 days and the postlesion score was establish by a 4-point scale.	The condition of dermatitis was improved in 60% of baby from HBM group and 93.half dozen% treated with barrier cream. The postlesion score of bulwark cream grouping was lower than HBM group (p = 0.002).	Barrier foam was more than effective than HBM.
Seifi et al. (2017) [nine]	Diaper dermatitis/Randomized clinical trial	30 participants	0	Infants suffering from diaper dermatitis assigned to HBM group and the command group were followed up for 5 days and the efficiency of the treatment was evaluated past a five-point calibration rash severity.	In the control grouping 26.1% infants showed improvement, in HBM grouping—80%. HBM has decreased the incidence of anal dermatitis rash (p = 0.009).	A positive upshot with topical application of HBM was constitute.
Abou-Dakn et al. (2011) [x]	Painful and damaged nipples/No full randomized clinical trial	84 participants	14%	The efficacy of HBM and lanolin on pain and harm nipples was assessed on the 10-range Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Nipple Trauma Score (NTS) over 14 days after delivery.	Lanolin was more than effective than HBM, including faster healing of nipple trauma and reducing nipple pain (p = 0.043).	No positive effect with topical application of HBM was found.
Golshan and Hossein (2013) [xi]	Umbilical cord care/Randomized clinical trial	316 participants	five%	The neonates were divided into iii groups: Topical ethanol or HBM application twice a twenty-four hours, the control grouping kept the stump dry out. Umbilical separation time and local infection frequency were considered.	Umbilical separation time in homo milk grouping was significantly shorter (six.v days) than in ethanol (8.94 days) (p < 0.0001) and drying groups (seven.54 days) (p < 0.003).	A positive effect with topical awarding of HBM was found.
Aghamohammadi et al. (2012) [12]	Umbilical string care/Randomized clinical trial	152 participants	14.5%	The umbilical separation time was compared in the grouping of topical HBM application (three times a day) and dry cord care for 10 days.	Median time of cord separation in human milk awarding group (150.95 ± 28.68 h) was significantly shorter than dry out string intendance group (180.93 ± 37.42 h) (p < 0.001).	A positive event with topical application of HBM was institute.
Abbaszadeh et al. (2016) [13]	Umbilical string care/Randomized clinical trial	174 participants	six.9%	The baby from HBM group received topical application of milk and grouping 2 chlorhexidine solution four% to the umbilical stump 2 times a mean solar day. Follow-upwardly and visit at home were done.	The mean cordseparation time in the human milk group (7.14 ± 2.15 days) was shorter than the chlorhexidine group (13.28 ± 6.79 days) (p < 0.001).	A positive effect with topical application of HBM was institute.
Ghaemi et al. (2014) [xiv]	Neonatal conjunctivitis/Randomized clinical trial	300 preterm neonates	x.half-dozen%	The intervention grouping with culture-negative centre swab received two drops of HBM in each eye or erythromycin ointment (0.5%), control group—no handling. All neonates were followed for the occurrence of clinical conjunctivitis for 28 days.	The beneficial preventive furnishings of colostrum confronting neonatal conjunctivitis (p = 0.036).	A positive outcome with awarding of HBM was institute.
Asena et al. (2017) [xv]	Corneal epithelial wound/Randomized trial on mice model	24 female person experimental corneal epithelial defect mice model	0	A fundamental corneal epithelial defect was created in mice and HBM, autologous serum, artificial tears four times a twenty-four hours was applied for 3 days. Histopathological and electron microscopy examination was performed.	Topical human chest milk drops causedfaster and better healing of central corneal epithelial defect than serum drops, artificial tears and in the control group (p < 0.001).	A positive effect with awarding of HBM was found.
Beynham et al. (2013) [16]	Antimicrobial effect on pediatric conjunctivitis/in vitro study	milk from 23 women/ix bacterial species tested	not applicable	The inhibitory effects of HBM against three mutual ocular pathogens were assessed. Zones of inhibition by milk samples, sterile saline, and trimethoprim ophthalmic solution were measured	Growth of N gonorrhoeae, M catarrhalis, One thousand viridans was significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.01) by homo milk samples.	A positive effect with awarding of HBM was establish.
Diego et al. (2016) [17]	Dry center syndrome/Animal in vivo written report	91 BALB/c mice	0	The animals with dry out center syndrome were treated with HBM, nopal, nopal extract derivatives, or cyclosporine four times daily for 7 days. Punctate staining and preservation of corneal epithelial thickness were used every bit indices of therapeutic efficacy.	Reduction in corneal epithelial thickness was largely prevented by assistants of HBM (33.2 ± 2.5 μm).	HBM decreased epithelial damage.
Mossberg et al. (2010) [18]	Bladder cancer treatment/animal model and in vitro studies	six C57BL mice float cancer model	0	Bladder tumors cells and bladder mice cancel models were instilled by Village. Effects of HAMLET on tumor size and apoptosis were analyzed.	Hamlet caused a dose dependent decrease in MB49 cell viability in vitro. Five intravesical HAMLET instillations significantly decreased tumor size anddelayed development in vivo compared to controls.	Village from HBM delays bladder cancer development.
Puthia et al. (2014) [nineteen]	Colon cancer prevention and treatment/animal model and in vitro studies	ApcMin/+ mice colorectal tumors model	0	Hamlet was given in therapeutic and safe regimens. Tumor brunt and brute survival were compared, and biochemistry and molecular methods were used to make up one's mind effects on colon cancer cells.	Peroral Village administration reduced tumor progression and mortality in ApcMin/+ mice.	Hamlet from HBM delays colon cancer development.

We present a narrative summary of studies, rather than a meta-analysis, because of the heterogeneity in measurement tools, populations, interventions, and design (whether qualitative or observational). The reporting in this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis (PRISMA) guidelines, where warranted.

iii. Results

15 studies were of sufficient quality to exist included in the systematic review. All of these had been published in peer-reviewed journals. The agreement between the reviewers was substantial: κ = 0.625 (p = 0.02). Seven studies were conducted in Iran, two in the USA, 2 in each of Turkey and Sweden, and one in each of Norway and Germany (Table 1).

Ten of these fifteen studies were randomized controlled trials (2 on experimental mice models), and one was a quasi-experimental study. We also considered ii in vitro studies and four with animal inquiry models. Nosotros decided to include these because they have practical implication for clinical trials and, in our opinion, are examples of translational science.

Below we briefly depict the studies by medical problem.

3.1. Peel Problems: Atopic Eczema and Diaper Dermatitis

Recently, a few studies have been published on the topical anti-inflammatory furnishings of human being chest milk in the treatment of pare problems, such equally atopic eczema and diaper dermatitis [half dozen,20,21]. Our systematic review included 5 randomized clinical trials devoted to infants' skin problems, merely the results were not consistent.

Berents and colleagues, in a small pilot study, did not discover any effect on eczema spots treated with topical application of fresh human milk. However, this clinical trial has some limitations. First, it had a very small written report population of six children; second, ii of them were treated with their mother'due south milk produced for a younger sibling. The mean age of the children was eighteen.v months (ranging from 4 to 32) [5].

Kasrae et al. randomized 104 Iranian infants with atopic dermatitis for 21 days of treatment with 1% hydrocortisone versus human being milk. The frequency of healed infants was 81.5% and 76% in the human milk and 1% hydrocortisone groups on day 21, respectively. The findings suggest that human milk can improve atopic eczema with like results and is as easy to apply as 1% hydrocortisone ointment (p < 0.001), but without the side-furnishings and cost [6].

The effects of topical awarding of human milk and 1% hydrocortisone were also compared in the treatment of diaper dermatitis [vii]. The randomized group consisted of 141 infants (aged 0–24 months). Parents received general advice about diaper rash care and were instructed to apply the medication for vii days. The mothers assigned to use milk were asked to rub milk gently on the affected area at the end of each breastfeeding session. Hydrocortisone i% in an ointment base was applied sparingly to clinically affected areas twice a day. The children were reassessed on days 3 and vii of the study. The presence of diaper rash was noted daily using a six-signal scale, and in both groups, was non significantly different after the topical application of either tested medication.HBM was every bit effective and condom as hydrocortisone 1% ointment solitary (p < 0.001).

In the randomized controlled trials by Seifi et al., 30 Iranian infants (between 0 and 12 months of age) suffering from diaper dermatitis were divided into two matched groups: One applying their female parent's milk three times a solar day to the affected expanse, and a control without whatsoever application for five days. The findings revealed positive effects of human milk on the healing of diaper dermatitis and a significant difference between both groups. Out of 15 infants with mild or moderate erythema, lxxx% improved during the five-day report, whereas in the control grouping 26.one% infants showed improvement (p = 0.009) [ix].

Gozen et al. tested the effectiveness of human milk and barrier foam (40% zinc oxide with cod liver oil formulation) on the healing of diaper dermatitis. The population of the trial included 63 term and preterm newborns with developed diaper dermatitis in neonatal intensive care units, divided into 2 groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the mean number of clinical improvement days, but the postlesion score in the barrier cream group was lower than in human milk group (p = 0.002) [8]. Every bit the researchers stated, neonatal intensive intendance units typically host infants with disorders and who are on antibiotics. Hence, negative findings can be difficult to discuss and compare with other study data.

3.2. Nipple Problems

A common breastfeeding difficulty for mothers is painful nipples. Ane traditional not-pharmacological intervention to reduce nipple hurting in breastfeeding women is topical treatment with expressed breast milk. Abou-Dakn et al. carried out clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of lanolin versus breast milk on painful and damaged nipples during lactation [ten]. They evaluated 84 lactating mothers from Berlin who developed nipple pain while breastfeeding inside 72h after delivery. The first grouping was instructed after each feed to express a few drops of chest milk and massage them into the nipples and areola, allowing to air-dry. The second group patted the nipples dry out afterwards each feeding session and practical a pea-sized amount of lanolin to the nipple and areola, keeping this area covered. During a number of visits over two weeks, the nipple trauma score was used to evaluate healing rates and the visual analog scale (VAS) was employed to judge the pain intensity. Significantly lower hurting levels were detected in the lanolin grouping, and these decreased with the continuation of treatment. Lanolin was more effective than HBM, including faster healing of nipple trauma (p = 0.043). According to many studies, the women who applied expressed breast milk had significantly lower perceptions of nipple pain post-obit iv to v days of treatment than the women who applied lanolin. However, this beneficial effect was not maintained afterwards vi to seven days of handling. At no assessment were in that location whatsoever group differences in nipple pain perceptions between the women who applied expressed breast milk and the women who had applied lanolin, warm compresses, or nothing [22].

iii.3. Eye Problems

Handling of ocular surface disease with human milk is documented in ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, and Byzantine texts and was traditionally used by mothers to treat infectious conjunctivitis. Ghaemi et al. have shown the beneficial preventive furnishings of colostrum confronting neonatal conjunctivitis on 89 breastfeeding neonates. The 269 preterm neonates were randomly divided into three groups: The outset (north = 89) received two drops of colostrum in each middle, the 2nd (n = 82) was treated with topical erythromycin ointment (0.5%), and the control group (97) received no treatment. The frequency of conjunctivitis was higher in the control group, followed by the group receiving topical application of colostrum and antibiotic (p = 0.003) [xiv]. However, colostrum does non have potential hazards or side effects and is easily accessible without extra price. Diego et al. observed that human milk was able to preserve corneal epithelial thickness in the dry-centre mouse model. Epithelial damage, reflected in the punctate scores, decreased over four days of handling with milk. This was the get-go study to demonstrate that human being milk tin preserve corneal epithelial thickness in a dry out-eye model, and that preservation of corneal epithelial thickness was comparable to topical cyclosporine [17]. Co-ordinate to the written report of Asena et al., topical human being breast milk drops caused faster and better healing of central corneal epithelial defects in a mouse model than in the case of treatment with serum drops or artificial tears or in the control grouping (p < 0.001) [fifteen]. They concluded that the rich contents of human chest milk may be an culling to epithelial healers and artificial tears.

3.four. Umbilical Cord Care

Chest milk is widely reported to exist used for umbilical string intendance in developing countries, as evidenced by numerous publications. Since 1998, the World Wellness Organization (WHO) has advocated the use of dry umbilical cord care in high-resource settings but has also recommended research into the use of breast milk and colostrum in umbilical cord intendance [23]. There are several reports of the effectiveness of applying female parent's milk in assisting umbilical string separation [12,24]. However, in the PubMed database between 2010 and 2018, only three studies were randomized controlled trials. All were published in peer-reviewed journals and were conducted in Iran (see Table one).

Aghamohammadi et al. randomized 130 singletons, all mature and healthy newborns born in hospital, and compared the effect of topical application of human milk and dry string care on umbilical string separation time. Newborns were breastfed. Mothers were asked not to cover the cord with diapers and non to bath the child until the cord had separated. All mothers received instructions, a form for recording symptoms of infection and cord bleeding, and a class for observation on the progress of care. The human milk group dropped milk on the remaining part of the cord and the cut border, letting it dry out, three times a twenty-four hours for two days after separation of the string. Two days after cord separation, a physician checked the cord. The median time of the cord separation was 150.95 ± 28.68 hours in the human milk topical application group and 180.93 ± 37.42 hours in the dry cord care group (p = 0.001). The median number of bleeding days afterward string separation was 1.2 ± two.33 and 3.ane ± three.77, respectively [12].

In the report of Golshan et al., 300 healthy neonates, delivered normally or by Cesarean section, were divided into three random groups, in which ethanol, their mother's milk, or dry cord care was practical. In the milk group, mothers washed the umbilical cord stump with their milk two times a twenty-four hours. Umbilical separation time in neonates of the man milk group was 6.v ± i.93 days, whereas in the ethanol and dry intendance group this was 8.94 ± 2.39 and 7.54 ± 2.37 days, respectively. The frequency of omphalitis was not significantly different between the three groups. Umbilical separation fourth dimension in the man milk group was significantly shorter than in the ethanol (p < 0.0001) and drying groups (p < 0.003) [11].

In a clinical trial past Abbaszadeh et al., 162 healthy, infirmary-borne neonates were assigned to two groups, where cord care was performed using man milk or chlorhexidine. Human milk was applied to the umbilical string every twelve hours for days after separation. The shortest cord separation time was three days in the topical human being milk group (7.xiv ± 2.xv), while the longest was 53 days in chlorhexidine group (13.28 ± half dozen.79) (p < 0.001) [xiii].

All three studies recommend topical application of mother's milk for umbilical cord stump care, which leads to shorter string separation time and can be used every bit an like shooting fish in a barrel, cheap, natural, and noninvasive means of cord care.

3.5. The Antitumoricidal Upshot of Village

1 example of translational medicine is the topical awarding of α-lactalbumin-oleic acid, a natural product from chest milk. The complex called human blastoff-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET) was discovered past the Svanborg group when they were studying antiadhesive molecules in man milk [25].

Hamlet is formed during low-pH atmospheric precipitation of the casein fraction, which allows for partial unfolding of the α-lactalbumin structure and binding with the fatty acrid. Hamlet triggers rapid carcinoma jail cell detachment in vitro and in cancer patients after topical assistants of the lyophilized complex. To class Hamlet, α-lactalbumin is obtained from human milk by chromatography. The partially unfold poly peptide is subsequently bound to oleic acid on an ion-commutation matrix, and the complex is eluted with salt, purified, lyophilized, and frozen in aliquots for instillation [26].

The therapeutic efficacy of Village has been demonstrated through in vitro research in animal models of glioblastoma, bladder cancer, and intestinal cancer; and in clinical studies targeting float cancers and pare papillomas [27,28]. Local HAMLET infusion was shown to delay the evolution of tumors and prolong survival in animal models of human cancer. In the study of Mossberg et al., groups of C57BL/6 mice with MB49-implanted murine bladder cancer cells were given instillations of HAMLET or phosphate buffered saline PBS for eight days. The HAMLET treated mice lacked detectable tumors more often than the controls (33% vs. 0%, p < 0.02) and the tumors were significantly reduced (mean score 1.nine vs. 2.5, respectively; p < 0.02) [xviii]. Puthia et al. tested whether HAMLET could be used for colon cancer therapy. Peroral HAMLET administration caused a meaning reduction in the number of minor intestinal tumors and in tumor size (p < 0.0001 for total tumor count), reduced polyps by almost 58% (p = 0.0001), and improved survival (p = 0.0103) over the control group mice.

Through gene set enrichment analysis, the researchers concluded that the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of Hamlet are accompanied past well-defined serial of stable changes in gene expression, affecting Wnt signaling and β-catenin, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid metabolism in tumor tissue [19].

The aforementioned complex showed strong bactericidal activity against specific pathogens of the oral crenel and respiratory track, with the highest action confronting the gram-positive organism Streptococcus pneumoniae past cell shrinkage, Deoxyribonucleic acid condensation, and DNA deposition [29].

iv. Discussion

The transfer of traditional medical cognition is an ongoing process. It is of import both for the preservation of traditional natural medicine, but also in the search for novel agents in treatment. Dwelling remedies are mostly believed to be natural ways to cure minor illnesses or weather. They are commonly cultural practices, traditions, customs, or folk remedies that have been passed down from generation to generation or from person to person. However, information technology should be kept in mind that at that place is not necessarily whatever medical proof that any of these treatments work, or whether they can cause more damage than good. Homo milk is considered to be the gilt standard in infant nutrition, providing optimal nutrients for normal growth and development. Autonomously from its nutritional benefits, human milk contains multiple bioactive and immunomodulatory components. The latter of these include growth and immunological factors, besides as micro-RNAs, cellular components such every bit leukocytes, epithelial cells, progenitor cells, and stalk cells [30]. Furthermore, breast milk is likewise a continuous source of commensal and beneficial leaner, including lactic acrid leaner and bifidobacteria [31,32]. The discovery of stem cells, the HAMLET complex, and probiotic bacteria in breast milk has resulted in increased interest in homo breast milk every bit a natural medicine. The studies described here suggest safe and cost-effective not-nutritional uses of mothers' chest milk, though further evaluation of effectively is needed. Breast milk has natural antibacterial backdrop, and then it can be used to treat a range of skin issues, including cuts and scrapes.

Common skin issues may appear during lactation and breastfeeding, particularly affecting the nipple, areola, and chest. Some medications used in the treatment of skin weather condition are unsuitable during lactation. It has been shown that expressing a few drops of milk and rubbing them gently into the sore nipples, and then allowing it to dry out naturally, takes advantage of the healing backdrop of human milk. Many studies accept indicated that bioactive components of man milk and microbiota take promise as adjuvants for wound healing [33,34]. From lesions of the corneal epithelium to lacerations of the skin, milk-treated groups healed faster than controls.

Breast milk is used in many cultures for pare irritations. Breast milk involves no take chances of allergy, contains antibodies, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and erythropoietin, which may promote the growth and repair of skin cells. Human milk is a source of commensal bacteria that can play an anti-infectious, immunomodulatory role. Their possible office in the acceleration of conditions for skin biofilm formation can open new perspectives for the prevention and handling of peel and wound healing diseases. Interestingly, the analysis of Simpson et al. showed that miRNAs are possible mediators of the observed preventative effects of atopic dermatitis [35].

The concentration, regulation, and individual variation betwixt bioactive chemical element, immune factors, various progenitor and mature prison cell types, and phase of lactation are non well established. Complexity and variability in human milk composition, and infants' responses to many human milk constituents may also explain some of the conflicting results of studies evaluating the furnishings of non-nutritional uses of human milk.

The studies considered here vary in methodology and in definition of outcomes, which leads to considerable heterogeneity. Human milk limerick varies both within and between individuals, and this may partially explicate the conflicting data.

However, the employ of breast milk in the handling of inflamed or injured eyes is not applicable in all cases. It should rather serve as complementary therapy, and non the only mode of handling. At our present level of knowledge, non-nutritional uses of breast milk are certainly meliorate suited to prevention than to a medicated process. However, in areas where mothers and infants exercise not accept ready access to medicine, such as in developing countries, the application of breast milk is often a determining factor in baby recovery and survival.

iv.1. Implications for Futurity Enquiry

Fresh whole man milk and its components take potential as a novel therapeutic tool in the treatment of many diseases. In our opinion, the futurity implications of non-nutritional application are associated with detail components of breast milk, rather than with the whole milk.

In Hakansson'southward report of the antimicrobial activity of human being milk, a complex of α-lactalbumin and oleic acid induced apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting good for you differentiated cells. Village is a tumoricidal protein–lipid complex from human milk with broad effects against cancer cells of different origins. The mechanism of its action is unusual, as the complex interacts with a number of molecular targets and cellular components. Importantly, HAMLET does non have any toxic effects on salubrious tissues in the treated patients and animals. Hamlet has been shown to exist safety and constructive in humans in two proof-of-concept human clinical trials: Convincing therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated in a topical skin papilloma study and in patients with float cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03560479","term_id":"NCT03560479"}}NCT03560479) [33]. Publications on Village are related to the establishment of a Swedish company, Hamlet Pharma, and the increased number of patents regarding this molecule. Based on these discoveries, HAMLET Pharma is developing natural tumor-killing drugs based on molecules with tumor selectivity. A HAMLET patent portfolio has been established with a number of patents issued worldwide. Intellectual holding rights include patents covering the manufacturing and use of Hamlet and substances derived from HAMLET "2d generation drug candidates".

Many studies highlight progenitor and breast milk stem cells. The presence of stalk cells in human milk poses numerous questions and implications for breastfeeding, newborn, and maternal wellness, but besides opens a new perspective of future potential applications of these cells in personal and regenerative medicine. The goals of future enquiry should be to assess the part, authority, and therapeutic value of breast milk cells—including jail cell therapy for future applications—and should determine the directly or indirect furnishings of chest milk cell components on promoting immunological tolerance and newborn development, and also on providing effective and complementary handling of diaper rash, atopic eczema, diaper dermatitis, umbilical cord separation, and center bug. Without any doubt, future research on these topics will demand to involve bear witness-based medicine and clinical trials.

4.2. Limitations

Due to the limited and heterogeneous body of evidence that included animal studies, man intervention studies, and observational human studies, the risk of bias assessment for individual studies was non performed. The overall body of evidence was narratively discussed.

This article is limited by its emphasis on papers published in English in journal databases, so many useful local ethnomedical studies may accept been missed. Evidence-based medicine focuses more on new approaches than on developing traditional folk and ethnobiological data, and then many promising intervention studies are non published in papers indexed in PubMed with high impact factor. It is unclear whether a lack of institutional support and funding for clinical trials of natural products might be critical in the low number of studies.

4.iii. Conclusions

The findings of this review provide information about possible not-nutritional uses of chest milk in postnatal intendance. Breast milk is a natural amanuensis and is biologically suitable for the torso, having no side effects; it is always bachelor and can be used in all social and economic groups of society. The health implications of milk components—such equally macronutrients, biologically active factors, and somatic cells—remain unknown or not well understood. The positive effects of HBM found by in vitro and creature studies must be substantiated by findings from clinical studies. The nigh reliable clinical studies for assessing the benefits of HBM are randomized, double-blinded, multicenter controlled trials but to engagement, they are very scarce.

Non-nutritional uses of human being breast milk can exist considered examples of personalized medicine. Further research including adult countries is recommended to find or ostend the results and to evaluate the furnishings of traditional therapies. This cognition may also have the effect of convincing mothers to continue to breastfeed with their ain milk, as a substance that possesses extraordinary backdrop, not only for nutrition.

Writer Contributions

Yard.W.-Z. designed the model and analyzed and processed the data, drafted the manuscript; E.K.-E.-H. analyzed and candy the data, performed the analysis; E.Due west. designed the figures. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.

Funding

The APC was funded past Medical University of Warsaw.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6567207/

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