Hand-held Manual Hockey Ice Skate Sharpener Edge Again

Self-propulsion of a person over ice, wearing bladed skates

Outdoor ice skaters in 1925

A postman in Germany during the wintertime of 1900 (stamp from 1994)

Ice skating is the cocky-propulsion and gliding of a person across an water ice surface, using metal-bladed ice skates. People skate for various reasons, including recreation (fun), exercise, competitive sports, and commuting. Water ice skating may be performed on naturally frozen bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers; and on human being-made ice surfaces such every bit water ice rinks, ice hockey rinks, and arenas, both indoors and outdoors.

Various formal sports involving skating accept emerged since the 19th century. Ice hockey, Bandy, and Ringette are team sports played with, respectively, a apartment sliding puck, a ball and a rubber band. Effigy skating, speed skating, Ice cross downhill and Barrel jumping are among the sporting disciplines for individuals.

History [edit]

Early history of ice skating [edit]

Skating fun by 17th century Dutch painter Hendrick Avercamp

Research suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern Finland more than 4,000 years ago. This was done to salvage energy during winter journeys. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the water ice instead of gliding on top of it. The Dutch added edges to water ice skates in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the lesser to help movement.^[1]

The fundamental construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since and then, although differing greatly in the details, particularly in the method of binding and the shape and construction of the steel blades. In the Netherlands, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, every bit shown in many pictures from Dutch Golden Historic period painters.

Ice skating was too practiced in China during the Song dynasty, and became popular amongst the ruling family of the Qing dynasty.^[2]

Ascent popularity and first clubs [edit]

In England "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones equally skates since the 12th century. Skating on metal skates seems to have arrived in England at the same time every bit the garden canal, with the English language Restoration in 1660, after the rex and courtroom returned from an exile largely spent in the netherlands. In London the ornamental "canal" in St James's Park was the main eye until the 19th century. Both Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, the two leading diarists of the day, saw information technology on the "new culvert" there on 1 December 1662, the first time Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art"). Then it was "performed before their Majesties and others, by diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders". 2 weeks afterwards, on fifteen December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, later King James 2, on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in the Park, when, though the ice was broken, he would go slide upon his skates, which I did not like; but he slides very well." In 1711 Jonathan Swift still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to his "Stella", writing to her: "Delicate walking weather; and the Canal and Rosamund'due south Pond full of the rabble and with skates, if you know what that is.^{[three] [iv]} The first organised skating club was the Edinburgh Skating Club, formed in the 1740s, (some claim the club was established as early as 1642).^{[5] [half-dozen] [7]}

An early contemporary reference to the club appeared in the second edition (1783) of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

The metropolis of Scotland has produced more than instances of elegant skaters than perhaps any country whatever: and the institution of a skating club about twoscore years ago has contributed non a lilliputian to the comeback of this elegant entertainment.^[five]

Ice skating party in Warsaw in the 1880s

From this clarification and others, information technology is apparent that the grade of skating good by club members was indeed an early form of figure skating rather than speed skating. For admission to the social club, candidates had to pass a skating examination where they performed a complete circle on either human foot (e.grand., a figure eight), and and so jumped over first one lid, and so 2 and three, placed over each other on the ice.^[5]

On the Continent, participation in water ice skating was express to members of the upper classes. Emperor Rudolf Two of the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King Louis Sixteen of France brought ice skating to Paris during his reign. Madame de Pompadour, Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and the Business firm of Stuart were, amongst others, royal and upper-class fans of ice skating.

The next skating gild to be established was in London and was not founded until 1830.^[v] Members wore a silver skate hanging from their buttonhole and met on The Serpentine, Hyde Park on 27th December, 1830. ^[viii] By the mid-19th century, water ice skating was a popular pastime amid the British upper and eye classes—Queen Victoria became acquainted with her future husband, Prince Albert, through a series of ice skating trips.^[9] Albert continued to skate after their wedlock and on falling through the ice was one time rescued by Victoria and a lady in waiting from a stretch of water in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.^[10]

Early attempts at the structure of artificial ice rinks were fabricated during the "rink mania" of 1841–44. Every bit the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early on rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's lard and various salts. An item in the eight May 1844 outcome of Littell's 'Living Age' headed the 'Glaciarium' reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton Street East' Tottenham Courtroom Road, was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of bogus ice is extremely convenient for such equally may be desirous of engaging in the svelte and manly pastime of skating."

Emergence as a sport [edit]

Skating became popular as a recreation, a ways of transport and spectator sport in The Fens in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, about of them agricultural labourers. It is non known when the first skating matches were held, merely by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press.^[11] Skating equally a sport adult on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of the Netherlands. In the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured.^[12] When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns and villages all over the Fens. In these local matches men (or sometimes women or children) would compete for prizes of coin, habiliment, or food.^[thirteen]

The winners of local matches were invited to take part in the m or championship matches, in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands. The championship matches took the form of a Welsh main or "final man standing" competition (single-emptying tournament). The competitors, 16 or sometimes 32, were paired off in heats and the winner of each estrus went through to the next circular. A course of 660 yards was measured out on the ice, and a barrel with a flag on it placed at either end. For a 1-and-a-half-mile race the skaters completed two rounds of the course, with three barrel turns.^[13]

In the Fens, skates were called pattens, fen runners, or Whittlesey runners. The footstock was fabricated of beechwood. A screw at the dorsum was screwed into the heel of the boot, and three small spikes at the front kept the skate steady. At that place were holes in the footstock for leather straps to fasten it to the human foot. The metal blades were slightly higher at the back than the front. In the 1890s, fen skaters started to race in Norwegian style skates.

On Saturday 1 February 1879, a number of professional ice skaters from Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to fix the National Skating Clan, the first national ice skating body in the world.^[14] The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a boyfriend of Trinity College, a magistrate, two members of parliament, the mayor of Cambridge, the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, announcer James Drake Digby, the president of Cambridge Academy Skating Club, and Neville Goodman, a graduate of Peterhouse, Cambridge (and son of Potto Brown's milling partner, Joseph Goodman).^[15] The newly formed Association held their first one-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879.

Effigy skating [edit]

The get-go instructional book concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772. The book, written past a British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic effigy skating forms such every bit circles and figure eights. The book was written solely for men, equally women did not normally ice skate in the late 18th century. Information technology was with the publication of this manual that ice skating carve up into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating.

The founder of modernistic figure skating as information technology is known today was Jackson Haines, an American. He was the outset skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into his skating, every bit opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the ice. Haines as well invented the sit spin and developed a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed for easier turns. He was also the offset to wear blades that were permanently attached to the kicking.

The International Skating Union was founded in 1892 as the offset international ice skating organisation in Scheveningen, in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of effigy skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The get-go Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung, was held in Saint petersburg in 1896. The outcome had four competitors and was won by Gilbert Fuchs.^[16]

Physical mechanics of skating [edit]

Finland Ice Marathon, the skating issue in Kuopio, Republic of finland, in 2006

A skate can glide over water ice because there is a layer of ice molecules on the surface that are not every bit tightly spring equally the molecules of the mass of ice beneath. These molecules are in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication. The molecules in this "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer are less mobile than liquid h2o, but are much more than mobile than the molecules deeper in the ice. At about −157 °C (−250 °F) the slippery layer is one molecule thick; as the temperature increases the slippery layer becomes thicker.^{[17] [eighteen] [nineteen] [20] [21]}

Information technology had long been believed that ice is slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it causes a sparse layer to cook. The hypothesis was that the bract of an ice skate, exerting force per unit area on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication betwixt the ice and the bract. This explanation, chosen "pressure level melting", originated in the 19th century. (Meet Regelation.) Pressure melting could not account for skating on water ice temperatures lower than −3.5 °C, whereas skaters ofttimes skate on lower-temperature ice.^[22]

In the 20th century, an culling explanation, called "friction melting", proposed past Lozowski, Szilder, Le Berre, Pomeau, and others showed that because of the viscous frictional heating, a macroscopic layer of cook ice is in-betwixt the ice and the skate. With this they fully explained the depression friction with nothing else but macroscopic physics, whereby the frictional oestrus generated between skate and ice melts a layer of ice.^{[23] [24] [25]} This is a cocky-stabilizing mechanism of skating. If by fluctuation the friction gets high, the layer grows in thickness and lowers the friction, and if it gets low, the layer decreases in thickness and increases the friction. The friction generated in the sheared layer of water between skate and ice grows equally √Five with V the velocity of the skater, such that for depression velocities the friction is also depression.

Whatever the origin of the water layer, skating is more destructive than but gliding. A skater leaves a visible trail behind on virgin ice and skating rinks have to be regularly resurfaced to improve the skating conditions. It means that the deformation caused by the skate is plastic rather than elastic. The skate ploughs through the ice in particular due to the sharp edges. Thus some other component has to be added to the friction: the "ploughing friction".^{[25] [26]} The calculated frictions are of the same club as the measured frictions in existent skating in a rink.^[27] The ploughing friction decreases with the velocity 5, since the pressure in the h2o layer increases with V and lifts the skate (aquaplaning). As a outcome the sum of the h2o-layer friction and the ploughing friction only increases slightly with V, making skating at high speeds (>xc km/h) possible.

Inherent safety risks [edit]

Adult and child water ice skating

A person's ability to water ice skate depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and feel of the skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of curt track speed skaters have been paralysed afterwards a heavy autumn when they collided with the boarding. A fall tin can exist fatal if a helmet is not worn to protect against astringent head injury. Accidents are rare but there is a risk of injury from collisions, peculiarly during hockey games or in pair skating.

A significant danger when skating outdoors on a frozen body of h2o is falling through the ice into the freezing h2o underneath. Decease can result from shock, hypothermia, or drowning. Information technology is oft difficult or impossible for the skater to climb out of the h2o, due to the weight of their ice skates and thick winter wear, and the ice repeatedly breaking every bit they struggle to go dorsum onto the surface. Also, if the skater becomes disoriented under the h2o, they might not be able to find the hole in the ice through which they accept fallen. Although this tin prove fatal, it is also possible for the rapid cooling to produce a status in which a person can be revived up to hours afterwards falling into the h2o.

Communal activities on ice [edit]

Ice skaters on the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio, 1890s

A number of recreational and sporting activities have identify on ice:

• Ice cricket - a variant of the English game of cricket played in harsh wintry conditions.
• Water ice hockey – fast-paced contact squad sport, using a vulcanized rubber puck, usually played on a special ice hockey rink
• Speed skating – competitive form of ice skating in which contenders race over fixed distances, short track and long track versions
• Figure skating – winter sport with multiple disciplines: men'south singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating
• Swap – contact team sport similar to ice hockey, just using a ball instead of a puck, and played on a large ice field
• Rink swap – a form of bandy that tin exist played on a standard water ice hockey rink
• Ringette – non-contact squad sport using a small rubber ring instead of a ball or puck
• Tour skating – recreational long-altitude skating outdoors on open areas of natural ice
• Ice cross downhill – competitive extreme sport featuring downhill skating on a walled track
• Barrel jumping – speed skating discipline in which skaters spring over a length of multiple barrels^[28]

Broomball and curling are also played on ice, but the players are not required to clothing ice skates.

Gallery [edit]

Pictures [edit]

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Videos [edit]

• Documentary on the World Championship Skating for Women at Helsinki in 1971.

See besides [edit]

• Fen skating
• Ice resurfacer
• Kite ice skating
• Lidwina, patron saint of ice skaters
• Yuri on Ice

References [edit]

1. ^ Brokaw, Irving (1910). The Art of Skating: Its History and Evolution, with Applied Directions. Letchworth at the Arden Press & Fetter Lane. p. 12.
2. ^ "'Imperial' ice skating". People'south Daily Online. twenty February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
3. ^ Larwood, Jacob, St. James's Park, Vol. two of The Story of the London Parks, 118-119, 1872, Hotwood, google books. Larwood notes that Rosamund'due south Pond was likewise in St James's Park, see pp. 85 (map), 87.
4. ^ Adams, Mary Louise. "The manly history of a 'girls' sport': Gender, form and the evolution of nineteenth-century figure skating". International Journal of the History of Sport. 24: 872–838 – via Taylor & Francis.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "In The Beginning...", Skating magazine, Jun 1970
6. ^ Bird, Denis L. "A Brief History of Water ice and the National Water ice Skating Association of Great Britain". NISA. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
7. ^ "Figure Skating". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2011.
8. ^ "Skaiting Order". Bristol Mirror. 1 Jan 1831. p. 1.
9. ^ "Ice Skating". followthebrownsigns.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 Oct 2014.
10. ^ "British News". The Atlas. 13 February 1841. p. 5.
11. ^ Goodman, Neville; Goodman, Albert (1882). Handbook of Fen Skating. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OL 25422698M. Archived from the original on ten June 2015. Retrieved fifteen March 2013.
12. ^ Greiff, James. "History of Water ice Skating". Scholastic Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Cycling, nineteen Jan 1895, p 19.
14. ^ "The History of Long Track Speed Skating". NISA. eighteen July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014.
15. ^ DL Bird 1979 Our Skating Heritage. London.
16. ^ Hines, p.75
17. ^ Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2006). "Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
18. ^ Somorjai, G.A. (10 June 1997). "Molecular surface structure of water ice(0001): dynamical low-energy electron diffraction, full-energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations". Surface Science. 381 (ii–3): 190–210. Bibcode:1997SurSc.381..190M. doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00090-3. Most studies so far were performed at temperatures well to a higher place 240 K (−33 °C) and report the presence of a liquid or quasiliquid layer on ice. Those studies that went below this temperature do non suggest a liquid-like layer.
19. ^ Roth, Mark (23 December 2012). "Pitt physics professor explains the science of skating across the ice". Pittsburgh Postal service-Gazette. It used to be thought ... that the reason skaters can glide gracefully beyond the ice is because the force per unit area they exert on the sharp blades creates a thin layer of liquid on top of the ice... More than recent research has shown, though, that this property isn't why skaters can slide on the ice... It turns out that at the very surface of the ice, water molecules exist in a country somewhere betwixt a pure liquid and a pure solid. It's not exactly water – merely information technology's like h2o. The atoms in this layer are 100,000 times more than mobile than the atoms [deeper] in the ice, but they're nevertheless 25 times less mobile than atoms in water. Then information technology's like proto-h2o, and that's what we're really skimming on.
20. ^ "Slippery All the Fourth dimension". Exploratorium. Archived from the original on nineteen July 2012. Professor Somorjai's findings indicate that ice itself is slippery. You don't need to cook the ice to skate on it, or need a layer of water every bit a lubricant to help slide along the ice... the "quasi-fluid" or "water-similar" layer exists on the surface of the ice and may be thicker or thinner depending on temperature. At well-nigh 250 degrees below nothing Fahrenheit (−157 °C), the ice has a slippery layer 1 molecule thick. Equally the ice is warmed, the number of these slippery layers increases.
21. ^ Science News Staff (nine December 1996). "Getting a Grip on Ice". Science Now.
22. ^ Rosenberg, Robert (December 2005). "Why is water ice slippery?" (PDF). Physics Today. 58 (12): 50–54. Bibcode:2005PhT....58l..50R. doi:ten.1063/ane.2169444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 Feb 2014. Retrieved xv February 2009.
23. ^ Lozowski, E.P.; Szilder, Thousand. (June 2013). "Derivation and new analysis of a hydrodynamic model of speed skate ice friction". Int. Journ. Of Offshore and Polar Engineering. 23: 104.
24. ^ Le Berre, M.; Pomeau, Y. (October 2015). "Theory of ice-skating". International Periodical of Non-Linear Mechanics. 75: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.02.004.
25. ^ ^{a b} van Leeuwen, J.M.J. (23 December 2017). "Skating on slippery water ice". SciPost Physics. 03 (6): 043. arXiv:1706.08278. doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.3.6.042.
26. ^ Oosterkamp, T.H.; Boudewijn, T.; van Leeuwen, J.One thousand.J. (12 February 2019). "Skating on glace ice". Europhysics News. fifty: 28–32. doi:10.1051/epn/2019104.
27. ^ de Koning, J.J.; de Groot, G.; van Ingen Schenau, Chiliad.J. (June 1992). "Ice friction during speed skating". Journal of Biomechanics. 25 (six): 565–571. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(92)90099-k. PMID 1517252.
28. ^ "Globe Barrel Jumping Championships 1958". British Pathé. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved vii Dec 2015.

External links [edit]

Expect up ice skating in Wiktionary, the complimentary dictionary.

• Ice skating at Curlie
• Skating and Science (a bibliography)
• "Skating". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

lanejoughty.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating

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